914 research outputs found

    Alkohol: Konsum, Wirkung, Gefahren für die Verkehrssicherheit. Zur Diskussion um neue Grenzwerte

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    Im ersten Teil werden die Ergebnisse einer umfangreichen Literaturstudie zu Auswirkungen niedriger Alkoholkonzentrationen auf die Fahrsicherheit vorgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Konzentration über 0.6 Promille die Leistungsausfälle drastisch ansteigen, dies umso mehr, je mehr es sich um komplexe Handlungen handelt und je näher der Zeitpunkt der Leistungsabgabe dem Trinkende liegt. Diese Ergebnisse decken sich mit Studien aus Verkehrsunfällen, bei denen ebenfalls über 0.7 Promille ein explosionsartiges Ansteigen des Risikos gezeigt wurde. Demgegenüber ist ein deutlich erhöhtes Risiko für den Bereich unter 0.5 Promille nicht nachgewiesen. An Untersuchungen zum Alkoholkonsum wird aufgezeigt, daß die Alkoholtrinker in mehrere Subpopulationen aufzuteilen sind. Dabei wird insbesondere eine Gruppe von Konsumtrinkern identifiziert, deren BAK regelhaft 0.6/0.7 Promille nicht überschreitet. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Gruppe wahrscheinlich nicht überproportional zu ihrem Auftreten an Unfällen beteiligt ist. Daraus wird die Forderung nach der Einführung eines einzigen, strafrechtlich bewehrten Grenzwerts abgeleitet, der bei etwa 0.7/0.8 Promille liegen sollte.In the first section we present the results of an extensive review of the sciemific Iiterature on the effects of low dosages of alcohol on driving performance. We show that when BAC exceeds a limit of about 0.06 %, the impairment of performance becomes drastically increasing as the complexity of the tasks increases and as the elapsed time between drinking and measurement decreases (resorption phase). These results agree with those coming from accident research, which show a sharp increase of accident risk when BAC exceeds a limit of about 0.07 %. On the other hand, at concentrations below 0.05 %, a significantly higher risk as compared to sober conditions has not been proved up to now. Studies on alcohol consumption Iead one to distinguish between different subgroups of consumers. A !arge group of 'normal consumers' is idemified whose BAC regularily remains below 0.06/0.07 %. It is shown that this group is probably not overrepresemed in accidents. We deduce from these facts that the extstmg German BAC limits should be replaced with a single Iegallimit of about 0.07/0.08 %

    Foreign Direct Investment and Income Inequality revisited

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    ? This paper discusses the impact of FDI on income inequality. ? The theoretical ways in which FDI might influence income inequality between countries as well as within a given country are discussed, with special attention also given to employment generation effects. ? Revisiting previous research we show that significant effects of FDI are hard to find in more recent work, with older studies showing mixed results. ? Re-estimating the prominent study of Tsai (1995) with newer data we augment it by allowing for FDI-influences on inequality by region, income level, and export focus. ? We find no overall impact of FDI on inequality. Also region and income differentiated estimations show no country group-specific impacts of FDI. Only in the export focusdifferentiated estimations we find some evidence of an inequality increasing impact of FDI in countries primarily exporting primary goods (without fuel). ? FDI thus do not have significant implications for income distribution in general. --

    Nähe und Distanz in sozialen Beziehungen und ihre quantitative Erfassung

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    Es wird ein neues soziometrisches Verfahren vorgeschlagen, das in seiner Grundlegung von heute üblichen Wahlverfahren abweicht. Dabei wird versucht, in einem ersten Teil die Gedanken darzustellen, die zur Formulierung der soziometrischen Fragen geführt haben. Im zweiten Teil wird der Gang der Auswertung dargestellt, der ein differenziertes Bild der untersuchten Personen zeichnen soll. Im Teil "Ergebnisse" wird am Beispiel von Extremgruppen gezeigt, was die Methode leisten kann. Schließlich werden noch mögliche Modifikationen des Verfahrens aufgezeigt

    Soziale Situationen als experimentelle Bedingungen der Pharmakopsychologie

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    Summary (Social Situations as Experimental Conditions in Psychopharmacology): To reduce a great variability of drug effects in healthy subjects, stress conditions are used often in pharmacopsychology. However, empirical results show that the desired stress effects are failing. This paper suggests to realize social stress Situations as interactions between subjects, expecting higher challenging effects than experimentator-subject-interactions, usually used in experimental designs. Two experimental studies are reported: the call-upsituation and the group-therapy situation. The experimental effects were measured by changes of pulse-frequencies. The results indicate that in the two situations high and low dosages of tranquilizing drugs lead to comparable (and so predictable) effects only, if a Situation is high challenging for the experimental subjects. The call-up situation, which proves performance, challenges male subjects highly. The emotional or social competence demanding group-therapy situation is a high challenging situation for warnen. It is concluded that no situation is stressing a person generally. Depending from personality characteristics, differential stressor effects appear. Consequences for experiments in pharmacopsychology are discussed

    Characterization and Verification Environment for the RD53A Pixel Readout Chip in 65 nm CMOS

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    The RD53 collaboration is currently designing a large scale prototype pixel readout chip in 65 nm CMOS technology for the phase 2 upgrades at the HL-LHC. The RD53A chip will be available by the end of the year 2017 and will be extensively tested to confirm if the circuit and the architecture make a solid foundation for the final pixel readout chips for the experiments at the HL-LHC. A test and data acquisition system for the RD53A chip is currently under development to perform single-chip and multi-chip module measurements. In addition, the verification of the RD53A design is performed in a dedicated simulation environment. The concept and the implementation of the test and data acquisition system and the simulation environment, which are based on a modular data acquisition and system testing framework, are presented in this work

    Eine exakte nonparametrische Prüfung auf Kovariation zweier autokorrelierter Zeitreihen

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    Häufig tritt in der psychologischen und psychiatrischen Forschung die Frage nach dem Zusammenhang zwischen zwei oder mehreren Zeitreihen auf. übliche Kovariationsmaße versagen dabei vor allem deshalb, weil sie nicht inferentiell ausgewertet werden können. An einem Beispiel aus der Pharmakopsychologie wird ein auf Pfanzagl (1963) zurückgehendes Verfahren vorgeschlagen, das es erlaubt, voraussetzungsfrei den Zusammenhang zwischen autokorrelierten Meßwertreihen zu prüfen. Als Unabhängigkeit zweier Zeitreihen wird definiert, daß zwischen ihnen bei Erhaltung der Autokorrelation kein höherer Zusammenhang besteht als nach dem Zufall zu erwarten.The problem of examining the relation between two or more series of successive observations occurs often in the psychologieal and psychiatrie research. The usual methods of measuring covariation cannot be employed here, particularly because they cannot be used to draw inferences. The present paper describes a new method to examine the relation between autocorrelated series of successive observations, without using any presuppositions. Two successive series are considered to be independent, when the relation between them is not higher than that expected by chance. The method described here is based upon a paper by Pfanzagl (1963), and is illustrated with the help of an example from the field of Pharmacopsychology

    Accessing the Next Generation of Synthetic Mussel‐Glue Polymers via Mussel‐Inspired Polymerization

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    The formation of cysteinyldopa as biogenic connectivity in proteins is used to inspire a chemical pathway toward mussel-adhesive mimics. The mussel-inspired polymerization (MIPoly) exploits the chemically diverse family of bisphenol monomers that is oxidizable with 2-iodoxybenzoic acid to give bisquinones. Those react at room temperature with dithiols in Michael-type polyadditions, which leads to polymers with thiol–catechol connectivities (TCC). A set of TCC polymers proved adhesive behavior even on challenging poly(propylene) substrates, where they compete with commercial epoxy resins in dry adhesive strength. MIPoly promises facile scale up and exhibits high modularity to tailor adhesives, as proven on a small library where one candidate showed wet adhesion on aluminum substrates in both water and sea water models.Verband der Chemischen Industrie http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007215Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Peer Reviewe
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